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Introduction to Algorithms

  • 1 В каждом объекте приложения точно так же необходимо хранить идентификатор соответствующего элемента пирамиды

    General subject: Similarly, we need to store a handle to the corresponding heap element in each application object (см. Introduction to Algorithms ( Second Edi)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > В каждом объекте приложения точно так же необходимо хранить идентификатор соответствующего элемента пирамиды

  • 2 На рис. 6.4 показан пример пирамидальной сортировки после предварительного построения невозрастающей пирамиды

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > На рис. 6.4 показан пример пирамидальной сортировки после предварительного построения невозрастающей пирамиды

  • 3 Тем не менее, структура данных, использующаяся при пирамидальной сортировке, сама по себе имеет большую ценность

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Тем не менее, структура данных, использующаяся при пирамидальной сортировке, сама по себе имеет большую ценность

  • 4 Теперь перейдём к реализации операций в невозрастающей очереди с приоритетами

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Теперь перейдём к реализации операций в невозрастающей очереди с приоритетами

  • 5 análisis de riesgos

    (n.) = risk analysis, risk assessment, risk evaluation
    Ex. Theoretically an information system designer should conduct a detailed risk analysis to minimize exposure to catastrophes.
    Ex. The interweaving of 3 different sorts of software based on different algorithms and applied on a file (in the field of risk assessment through the introduction of transgenic plants) has enabled the provision of 3 types of results.
    Ex. The steps of a risk management programme are the identification of risk, risk evaluation, risk treatment, selection and implementation, and monitoring.
    * * *
    (n.) = risk analysis, risk assessment, risk evaluation

    Ex: Theoretically an information system designer should conduct a detailed risk analysis to minimize exposure to catastrophes.

    Ex: The interweaving of 3 different sorts of software based on different algorithms and applied on a file (in the field of risk assessment through the introduction of transgenic plants) has enabled the provision of 3 types of results.
    Ex: The steps of a risk management programme are the identification of risk, risk evaluation, risk treatment, selection and implementation, and monitoring.

    Spanish-English dictionary > análisis de riesgos

  • 6 evaluación de riesgos

    Ex. The interweaving of 3 different sorts of software based on different algorithms and applied on a file (in the field of risk assessment through the introduction of transgenic plants) has enabled the provision of 3 types of results.
    * * *

    Ex: The interweaving of 3 different sorts of software based on different algorithms and applied on a file (in the field of risk assessment through the introduction of transgenic plants) has enabled the provision of 3 types of results.

    Spanish-English dictionary > evaluación de riesgos

  • 7 transgénico

    adj.
    1 transgenic, genetically modified, genetically transferred.
    2 transgenic.
    * * *
    1 genetically modified, GM
    * * *
    ADJ genetically modified, GM antes de s
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo genetically modified, transgenic
    * * *
    Ex. The interweaving of 3 different sorts of software based on different algorithms and applied on a file (in the field of risk assessment through the introduction of transgenic plants) has enabled the provision of 3 types of results.
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo genetically modified, transgenic
    * * *

    Ex: The interweaving of 3 different sorts of software based on different algorithms and applied on a file (in the field of risk assessment through the introduction of transgenic plants) has enabled the provision of 3 types of results.

    * * *
    genetically modified, transgenic, GM ( before n)
    GM product o organism etc
    * * *

    transgénico 1
    ◊ -ca adjetivo

    genetically modified
    transgénico 2 sustantivo masculino
    genetically modified organism (o product etc)

    ' transgénico' also found in these entries:
    English:
    genetically
    * * *
    transgénico, -a
    ♦ adj
    transgenic;
    alimentos transgénicos genetically modified foods, GM foods
    ♦ transgénicos nmpl
    GM foods
    * * *
    adj genetically modified

    Spanish-English dictionary > transgénico

  • 8 Computers

       The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the influence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)
       It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....
       The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)
       The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)
       In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)
       A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.
       In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing influence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....
       It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)
       [Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)
       he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)
       t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.
       Further, the effects of those ideas are rapidly compounding, because a computer design is itself just a set of ideas. As we get better at manipulating ideas by building ever better computers, we get better at building even better computers-it's an ever-escalating upward spiral. The early nineteenth century, when the computer's story began, is already so far back that it may as well be the Stone Age. (Rawlins, 1997, p. 19)
       According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)
       What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and fluently through processing experience.
       What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the fluidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.
       In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Computers

См. также в других словарях:

  • Introduction to Algorithms — is a book by Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, and Clifford Stein. It is used as the textbook for algorithms courses at many universities.Cormen teaches at Dartmouth College, Rivest and Leiserson teach at MIT, and Stein… …   Wikipedia

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  • Standard algorithms — In elementary arithmetic, a standard algorithm or method is an efficient manual method of computation which yields one correct answer, and has been traditionally taught over a long period of time. These methods vary somewhat by nation and time,… …   Wikipedia

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  • List of books in computational geometry — This is a list of books in computational geometry. There are two major, largely nonoverlapping categories: *Combinatorial computational geometry, which deals with collections of discrete objects or defined in discrete terms: points, lines,… …   Wikipedia

  • Dynamic programming — For the programming paradigm, see Dynamic programming language. In mathematics and computer science, dynamic programming is a method for solving complex problems by breaking them down into simpler subproblems. It is applicable to problems… …   Wikipedia

  • Algorithm — Flow chart of an algorithm (Euclid s algorithm) for calculating the greatest common divisor (g.c.d.) of two numbers a and b in locations named A and B. The algorithm proceeds by successive subtractions in two loops: IF the test B ≤ A yields yes… …   Wikipedia

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